![]() Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma. Lustrin ES, Karakas SP, Ortiz AO, Cinnamon J, Castillo M, Vaheesan K, et al. Imaging of the cervical spine in infants. Imaging of the cervical spine in children. Pseudosubluxation and other normal variations in the cervical spine in children. Pseudosubluxation of C2 on C3 in polytraumatized children: prevalence and significance. Low (type III) odontoid fracture: a new radiologic sign. Harris Jr JH, Burke JT, Ray RD, Nichols-Hostetter S, Lester RG. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2001. Rockwood and Wilkins’ fractures in children. Atlas-dens interval (ADI) in children: a survey based on 200 normal cervical spines. Growth and development of the pediatric cervical spine documented radiographically. Wang JC, Nuccion SL, Feighan JE, Cohen B, Dorey FJ, Scoles PV. Anatomical and mechanical considerations of the atlanto-axial articulation. Anterior displacement of C2 in children: physiologic or pathologic? Radiology. Essentiality of the lateral cervical spine radiograph. Williams CF, Bernstein TW, Jelenko 3rd C. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® on suspected spine trauma. Radiography of cervical spine injury in children: are flexion-extension radiographs useful for acute trauma? Am J Roentgenol. Lawson JP, Ogden JA, Bucholz RW, Hughes SA. ![]() Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2000. Emergency imaging of the acutely ill or injured child. The radiology of acute cervical spine trauma. The pediatric cervical spine: developmental anatomy and clinical aspects. The normal cervical spine in infants and children. Thus, in the present work, we discuss normal radiological features of the pediatric cervical spine, variants that may be encountered and pitfalls that must be avoided when interpreting plain radiographs taken in an emergency setting following trauma.īailey DK. With it, the physician can, on one hand, differentiate normal physes or synchondroses from pathological fractures or ligamentous disruptions and, on the other, identify any possible congenital anomalies that may also be mistaken for injury. Comprehensive knowledge of the specific anatomy and biomechanics of the childhood spine is essential for the diagnosis of suspected cervical spine injury. The interpretation of a plain radiograph of the pediatric cervical spine following trauma must take into account the age of the child, the location of the injury and the mechanism of trauma. Such features as hypermobility between C2 and C3, pseudospread of the atlas on the axis, pseudosubluxation, the absence of lordosis, anterior wedging of vertebral bodies, pseudowidening of prevertebral soft tissue and incomplete ossification of synchondrosis can be mistaken for traumatic injuries. In all cases, the pediatric cervical spine has distinct radiographic features, making the emergency radiological analysis of it difficult. Young children aged less than 8 years usually have upper cervical injuries because of the anatomic and biomechanical properties of their immature spine, whereas older children, whose biomechanics more closely resemble those of adults, are prone to lower cervical injuries. The distribution of injuries, when they do occur, differs according to age. Injuries of the cervical spine are uncommon in children.
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